Radar interferometry using freely available software has matured to a stage in which data from different sensors can be routinely processed to interferometric products. The good results obtained recently in cartographic applications based on the use of interferometric radar technology, in x and p bands dsg, 2000, dutra et al. Techniques and applications of sar interferometry for ers1. This radar mapping technology is an effective tool for collecting data under challenging circumstances such as cloud cover, extreme weather conditions, rugged terrain, and remote locations. High accuracy algorithm of airborne interferometric synthetic. The western north america insar winsar consortium was established by a group of practicing scientists and engineers to facilitate collaboration in, and. The topsar interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Ami attained interferometric synthetic aperture radar ifsar data to generate digital elevation models dems. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, mapping, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topographic mapping. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar from earthorbiting spacecraft. Forest mapping and monitoring with interferometric synthetic.
Graham 1974 introduced this synthetic aperture radar technique for topographic mapping. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar, a very e. The technique uses some scenes of images to measure deformations and displacements. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping. Sar uses the motion of the radar antenna over a target region to provide finer spatial resolution than conventional beamscanning radars. Soukaina meziane, lahcen bahi, latifa ouadif, differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry for land. Comparison of elevation derived from insar data with dem from. First, the detail to be placed on the map sheet must be identified. The instrument, called topsar for topographic synthetic aperture radar, has many potential commercial and scientific uses and will be about three times more accurate than any topographic mapper now readily available, said dr. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure earths surface. Atmospheric artifacts in interferometric sar surface. Open data, services, and software standards and requirements partnerships and affiliations. Unlike visible or infrared light, radar waves penetrate most weather clouds and are equally effective in darkness.
By creating images from two spatially separated radars, an interferometric image can be derived containing topographic information. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry r3 figure 1. The main deterrents to production of accurate topographic mapping. Structural static testing by interferometric synthetic radar. The practical processing was done using an existing software package, the isar interferogram generator software from esaesrin for interferogram generation. Topsar is an interferometric radar mapper and is carried aboard nasas dc8 aircraft. This geodetic method uses two or more synthetic aperture radar sar images to generate maps of surface deformation or digital elevation, using differences in the phase of the waves returning to the satellite or aircraft.
Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps. Radar generates highresolution topographic map of the moon. The technique uses some scenes of images to measure deformations and displacements based on geometric principles and radar wavelength properties using appropriate software programming gutierrez et al. May 01, 2010 interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar or ifsar a technique for extracting topographic and thematic information using the wave characteristics of radar signals sar phase data generating phase difference images from two or more repeat pass data collections the images called interferogram coherence maps. Synthetic aperture radar sar is a coherent active microwave imaging method. Geological survey openfile report 20041451 digital cartographic production techniques using airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar ifsar. Tomographic formulation of interferometric sar for terrain. Introduction discoverer ii is a technology demonstration program jointly sponsored by the defense advanced research projects agency darpa, the u. Highresolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar. The main source of these data will be the shuttle radar topography mission srtm, which is an ifsar mission to be flown aboard the space shuttle in.
The path length difference between the apertures for each image point, along with the known aperture distance, is used to determine the topographic height of the terrain. Digital cartographic production techniques using airborne. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is powerful tool for mapping the earths land, ice and even the sea surface topography. This paper investigates the potential of synthetic aperture radar sar interferometry in the field of emergency mapping, assessing its suitability for both rapid mapping, aimed at supporting the. Insar technique for the estimation of height topography. Topographic mapping using interferometric synthetic aperture. Topographic information from interferometric synthetic aperture radar ifsar for oil palm plantation design, suitability and management 160 radar images of the earths surface 3. Twoantenna interferometric sar instruments acquire sar data in such a manner that the signals may be combined and processed to extract the elevation of each pixel. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is one of the most important technologies for topographic mapping. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry is an imaging technique for measuring the topography of. Adoption of improved and detailed elevation data from time to time will provide better interpretations and produced significant accuracy of the mapping output. Usgs eros archive digital elevation interferometric. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar or ifsar a technique for extracting topographic and thematic information using the wave characteristics of radar signals sar phase. Typical space applications, consolidated in the last decade, span from topographic mapping 3 to monitoring of seismic events effects, up to vegetation observations.
Jan 06, 2020 the main deterrents to production of accurate topographic mapping from ers1 sar data include uncertainties due to accuracy in the location of the satellite sensor, and decorrelation of the surface signal due to surface changes caused primarily by the time between satellite observations which can be from days to months. Accuracy of topographic maps derived from ers1 interferometric. Twoantenna interferometric sar instruments acquire sar data in such a manner that. Star3i is a highresolution, singlepass, acrosstrack ifsar system, which uses two apertures to image the surface. The interferometric phase map called an interferogram is. Synthetic interferometric radar for topographic mapping. Topographic analyses of kilauea volcano, hawaii, from. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar provides a unique. Synthetic aperture radar sar is a form of radar that is used to create twodimensional images or threedimensional reconstructions of objects, such as landscapes. Mapping the worlds topography using radar interferometry. Advances in interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar. In 2008 we reported at this conference the generation of lunar topographic maps having approximately 4 m height accuracy at a horizontal posting of 40 m. Phase unwrapping for interferometric synthetic aperture radar by use of helmholtz equation eigenfunctions and the first greens identity.
Syntheticaperture radar sar is a form of radar that is used to create twodimensional images or threedimensional reconstructions of objects, such as landscapes. On the optimization of interferometric sar for topographic. Journal of the optical society of america a optics image science and vision 16, 378 395. Another topic of this work is the implementation of the phaseunwrapping algorithms. Schematic diagram of a stack of sar images and a topographic phase image. Pdf open radar interferometry software for mapping surface. Insar makes highdensity measurements over large areas by using radar signals from earth. Digital elevation models dems are used in many applications in the context of earth sciences such as in topographic mapping, environmental modeling, rainfallrunoff studies, landslide hazard zonation, seismic source modeling, etc. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping abstract.
It is designed as a specialized software package for processing of. Satellite sar interferometric techniques in support to. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, abbreviated insar or deprecated ifsar, is a radar technique used in geodesy and remote sensing. Feasibility study for mapping the polar ice bottom topography. The software, called generic mapping tools synthetic aperture radar. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is a technique appropriate to measure these movements. Interferometric sar processing for topographic mapping core. He showed that sar interferometry, with sidelooking airborne or spaceborne geometry, can be used to create. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar method for. The western north america insar winsar consortium was established by a group of practicing scientists and engineers to facilitate collaboration in, and advancement of, earth science research using radar remote sensing. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations provide a means for obtaining high.
This is due to the advantages that ifsar technology offers in. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is a wellknown tool for mapping ground surface deformations with centimeter precision, and is much better than that used in the offset. Interferometric synthetic aperture radars ifsars are powerful tools for topographic mapping. Topographic mapping using interferometric synthetic. The fundamentals of this technique derive from the synthetic aperture radar sar interferometry, a wellknown technique for airborne or spaceborne remote sensing. Feasibility study for mapping the polar ice bottom topography using interferometric syntheticaperture radar techniques christopher t. The investigation began with the study of interferometric sar algorithms from existing literature. The application of interferometric synthetic aperture radar ifsar in topographic mapping has increased during the past decades.
The radar interferometry is an alternative to the conventional stereoscopic method for extracting topographic and deformation informations. The instrument, called topsar for topographic synthetic aperture radar, has many potential commercial and scientific uses and will be about three times more accurate than any topographic mapper now. Rapid flood and damage mapping using synthetic aperture radar. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar ifsar program represents an effort to ingest and process highresolution elevation data produced through a technique called radar interferometry. Rosen jet propulsion laboratory california institute of technology pasadena, california 91109 submitted to. Determination of absolute interferometric phase using the. This geodetic method uses two or more synthetic aperture radar sar images to generate maps of surface deformation or digital elevation. The topsar interferometric synthetic aperture radar system is implemented.
Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture. The dem quality of airborne insar system depends on both system hardware performance. Interferometric sar for topographic mapping uses two apertures separated by a. The shuttle also served as an important engineering test bed for developing the radarbased mapping technologies that. Journal of geophysical research solid earth 110b2, b02403, doi. Digital mapping techniques 04 workshop proceedings u. The dynamic environment of the worlds growing radar programs is exciting to. Automated mapping and feature extraction using high. Radar interferometry from satellites is now gaining attention as a. Topographic analyses of kilauea volcano, hawaii, from interferometric airborne radar received. Atmospheric artifacts in interferometric sar surface deformation and topographic maps howard a. Frequently used terms are alongtrack or azimuth for x, ground range for y, and slant range for the distance of a particular point. During the last years multitude of scientific applications of synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar techniques have evolved. Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture.
Synthetic aperture radar sar remote sensing is usually implemented by mounting, on a moving platform such as an aircraft or spacecraft, a single beamforming antenna from which a target scene is repeatedly illuminated with pulses of microwaves at wavelengths anywhere from a meter down to millimeters. Mapping the moons topography using earth based radar interferometric measurements by the goldstone solar system radar gssr has been done several times since the mid 1990s. Tomographic formulation of interferometric sar for terrain elevation mapping nick marechal, senior member, ieee abstract topographic mapping with spotlight synthetic aper ture radar sar using an interferometric technique is studied. Mapping the moons topography using earth based radar interferometric measurements by the goldstone solar system radar gssr has been done several times since the. Sarscape is one of the latest contributions to publicdomain radar interferometry software. The production of topographic maps requires two kinds of information. By bouncing signals from a radar satellite off the ground in successive orbits and looking at the differences between the images, interferometric synthetic. Automated mapping and feature extraction using high resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar data abstract. Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar sar provides the possibility of producing topographic maps and cartographically corrected radar images using an interferometric method. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry iopscience. Usgs eros archive radar synthetic aperture radar sar.
Mar 25, 2020 during the aftermath of typhoon hagibis, we made flood and damage proxy maps, rapidly derived from synthetic aperture radar sar data using change detection approaches. Abstract synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar from earthorbiting spacecraft provides a new tool to map global topography and deformation of the. The shuttle radar topography mission data set, in particular, has had an enormous. Synthetic aperture radar exploits the motion of a radar relative to a surface to create fineresolution images essentially independent of the distance from the radar to the surface. Pdf synthetic aperture radar interferometry researchgate. Ponte, 1993, analysis and results of the topsar experiments in southern italy, international workshop on sar interferometry. The dem quality of airborne insar system depends on both system hardware performance and data processing methods. A new processing algorithm for the nasa jpl topsar topographic radar mapper is described. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar ifsar shuttle. The main deterrents to production of accurate topographic mapping from ers1 sar data include uncertainties due to accuracy in the location of the satellite sensor, and decorrelation of the. Geological survey openfile report 20041451 digital cartographic production techniques using airborne interferometric synthetic. Digital elevation models dems are used in many applications in the context of earth sciences such as in topographic mapping, environmental modeling, rainfallrunoff studies, landslide hazard zonation. By bouncing signals from a radar satellite off the ground in successive orbits and.
Synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar technique. Use of interferometric techniques for detecting subsidence in. The shuttle also served as an important engineering test bed for developing the radar based mapping technologies that have ushered in a quiet revolution in mapping sciences. News jpl develops new radar system for topographic mapping. The path length difference between the apertures for. Imaging radar measurements from satellitebased systems are sensitive to both vertical and acrosstrack displacements, but insensitive to alongtrack. The practical processing was done using an existing software package, the isar interferogram generator. Insar makes highdensity measurements over large areas by using radar signals from earthorbiting satellites to measure changes in landsurface altitude at high degrees of measurement resolution and spatial detail galloway and others, 2000. Insar measurements are however often significantly affected by the atmosphere as the radar signals propagate through the atmosphere whose state varies both in space and in time.
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is an effective way to measure changes in land surface altitude. Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic. Insar interferometric synthetic aperture radar is a technique for mapping ground deformation using radar images of the earths surface that are collected from orbiting satellites. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is a powerful technology for observing the earth surface, especially for mapping the earths topography and deformations. Rules for designing optimal data acquisition and processing sequences for interferometric analyses in nondesert parts of the world are 1 to use the longest radar wavelengths. The technique requires two sar images of the same area gathered from slightly separated positions. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar study of okmok volcano, alaska, 19922003. Lunar topographic mapping using a new high resolution mode. During the aftermath of typhoon hagibis, we made flood and damage proxy maps, rapidly derived from synthetic aperture radar sar data using change detection approaches. Highresolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar for. Application of ifsar technology in topographic mapping. This radar mapping technology is an effective tool for collecting data under challenging.
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